Which components can be included in a ground-fault current path for ungrounded systems?

In ungrounded systems, the ground-fault current path is essential for ensuring safety during fault conditions. Metal piping systems are conductive and can provide an effective path for ground-fault currents. When a fault occurs, the metal piping can help direct the current back to the source, minimizing the risk of electrical hazards and allowing protective devices to operate correctly.

The inclusion of metal piping systems in the ground-fault path is based on their ability to facilitate the flow of fault current due to their conductivity. Additionally, their connection to the earth via grounding systems can enhance the safety and reliability of electrical installations.

Other components, such as insulated conductors and plastic tubing, do not contribute effectively to a ground-fault current path. Insulated conductors, while they carry current under normal conditions, do not provide a conductive path in case of a fault. Plastic tubing is not conductive at all and thus cannot assist in grounding or bonding functions. Grounding rods, while important in a grounding system, are not categorized as a path for ground-fault current in the same sense as conductive pathways provided by metal systems.